Rapid identification of the chemical compounds in the leaves of Solanum nigrum L. based on UHPLC-Q Exactive MS and molecular network technology / 药学学报

The whole herb of Solanum nigrum L. can be used as the herbal drug. In this study, UHPLC-Q Exactive high resolution mass combined with GNPS molecular network was used for the rapid characterization of the components in the leaves of S. nigrum L. A total of 157 compounds were identified, including 30 steroid alkaloids, 61 steroid saponins, 35 flavonoids, and 31 other compounds (amino acids and organic acids), by comparison with the data reported in the literature, and mass fragmentation characteristics analysis, as well as the correlation of known and unknown nodes in the GNPS molecular network. Compared with the fruits and stems, the leaves of S. nigrum L was rich in a variety of steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids, and flavonoids, and the results lay the foundation for the precise resources utilization of S. nigrum L.

Mechanism of Active Steroid Alkaloids from Solanum nigrum Against Non-small Cell Lung Cancer： Based on Network Pharmacology / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the potential targets and pathways of steroid alkaloids<italic> </italic>from<italic> Solanum</italic> <italic>nigrum</italic> （SASN） in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） and analyze the possible mechanism. Method:The active SASN against NSCLC were searched from literature. Then potential targets of SASN were screened through SwissTargetPrediction and PharmMapper， and those of NSCLC through GeneCards. Venny was employed to yield the common targets of the two， and Cytoscape to construct the 'medicinal-component-disease-target' network. Metascape was applied to enrich the Gene Ontology （GO） terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathways of the common targets， and STRING was used to generate the protein-protein interaction （PPI） network， followed by screening of key targets by Cytoscape. Finally， Western blot was used to verify the effects of the medicinal on key targets. Result:A total of 6 active SASN were screened out： solasonine， solamargine， solasodine， solanocapsine， solanidine， and <italic>N</italic>-methylsolasodine， which had 96 potential anti-NSCLC targets. These targets mainly involved the pathways in cancer， proteoglycans in cancer， and Forkhead box protein O （FoxO） pathway. PPI network analysis demonstrated 15 key anti-NSCLC targets of SASN， such as mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）1， MAPK8， MAPK14， protein kinase B （Akt1）， signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3）， and proto-oncogene tyrosine protein kinase （SRC）. Meanwhile， Western blot results showed that SASN could significantly down-regulate the expression of the key proteins Akt1， SRC， and STAT3. Conclusion:We predicted the potential targets and pathways of SASN against NSCLC and obtained 15 key targets， from which we selected three key proteins for validation. The validation results were consistent with the prediction results. This paper is expected to lay a scientific basis for the subsequent in-depth study of the mechanisms of SASN against NSCLC.

Antiulcerogenic effects of selected African nightshades (Solanum nigrum Linn. ) genotypes on the rat stomach: a morphologic and morphometric study / Efectos antiulcerogénicos de genotipos seleccionados de solanáceas Africanas (Solanum nigrum Linn. m) en el estómago de ratas: un estudio morfológico y morfométrico

Solanum nigrum (SLN), commonly known as African nightshade, is used as a vegetable as well as in the management and treatment of various ailments including gastric ulcers. We analyzed, both grossly and microscopically using H&E, Masson's trichrome and PSA staining methods, the protective effects of aqueous leaf extracts of three Kenyan SLN genotypes namely S. scabrum (SSB), S. sarrachoides (SSR) and S. villosum (SVL) on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. There was evidence of gastro-protection by all the three genotypes with the SSB showing the highest ulcer inhibition score (76.37 %) followed by SSR (72.51 %) and SVL (63.30 %). SLN-pretreated rats showed less areas of gastric mucosal surface erosion. Additionally in the pretreated animals, the depth of the ulcers were markedly reduced, reaching only the gastric pit region except in those treated with SVL where the ulcers penetrated slightly more deeply to affect the gastric glands. Compared with controls, the mean microscopic ulcer index decreased 5.07, 3.55 and 2.37-fold in rats pretreated with SSB, SSR and SVL extracts respectively. Results of this work show extracts of the three SLN genotypes to have antiulcerogenic potential but at varied strengths, thus confirming earlier reports that phytoconstituents and hence the efficacy of a medicinal plant may be influenced by genetic factors.

Solanum nigrum (SLN), comúnmente conocida como la solanácea africana, se usa como vegetal, para el tratamiento de diversas dolencias incluyendo las úlceras gástricas. Analizamos de forma macro y microscópica, de forma macroscópica y microscópica, utilizando para ello tinciones de H&E, tricrómico de Masson y PSA los efectos protectores de extractos acuosos de hojas de tres genotipos SLN de Kenia: S. scabrum (SSB), S. sarrachoides (SSR) and S. villosum (SVL) en lesiones gástricas inducidas por etanol en ratas. Hubo evidencia de gastroprotección por parte de los tres genotipos con el SSB mostrando el puntaje más alto de inhibición de la úlcera (76,37 %) seguido de SSR (72,51 %) y SVL (63,30 %). Las ratas tratadas previamente con SLN mostraron menos áreas de erosión de la superficie de la mucosa gástrica. Además, en los animales pretratados, la profundidad de las úlceras se redujo notablemente, llegando solo a la región del fondo gástrico, excepto en aquellos tratados con SVL donde las úlceras penetraron un poco más profundamente para afectar las glándulas gástricas. En comparación con los controles, el índice medio de úlcera microscópica disminuyó 5,07, 3,55 y 2,37 veces en ratas pretratadas con extractos de SSB, SSR y SVL, respectivamente. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que los extractos de los tres genotipos de SLN tienen potencial antiulcerogénico en diferentes concentraciones, lo que confirma informes anteriores que los fitoconstituyentes y la eficacia de una planta medicinal pueden estar influenciados por factores genéticos.

Effect of Boiling on Chemicals, Phytochemicals and Nutritional Composition of Solanum nigrum L. Leaves Harvested in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)

Aims: In tropical Africa, leafy vegetables are traditionally cooked and eaten as a relish together with a starchy staple food. The current study aimed to evaluate the influence of boiling on bioactive, proximate and antinutrients compounds in Solanum nigrumleaves. Methodology:The leaveswere subjected to boiling in pressure cooker for 10, 15 and 20 min and proximate composition, minerals, nutritive and anti-nutritional components were determined according tostandard methods for nutritional guidelines.Results:The result of the study revealed that longer time of boiling (higher than 10 min) caused negative impact by reducing nutritive value but positive impact by reducing anti-nutrients. The registered losses (p < .05) at 10 min were as follows: ash (12.37%), proteins (33.69%), vitamin C (11.23 mg/ 100 g), polyphenols (125.41 mg/ 100 g) Tannins (81.96 mg/ 100 g) and Flavonoids (14.03 mg/100 g). The average increase of fibers content was (39.41%). Furthermore, after 10 min of boiling time the residual contents (p<0.05) of minerals was:Calcium (1079±29.04 to 386±78 mg/ 100 g), Phosphorus (405..24±10-508.88±2.58 mg/ 100 g), Iron (33.48±0.93–44.50±1.23 mg / 100 g) and Magnesium (572.78±19.76–662.99±27.23 mg/ 100g).The antinutrient composition for oxalic acid were ranged 72.61±6.29 to 223.67±6.35 mg/100 g. The different ratios sodium / potassium (<1) and oxalates/calcium (<2.5) were under the respective critical value for all boiling. Conclusion:These results suggest that the recommended time of domestic cooking must be less than 10 min for the studied leafy vegetables in order to contribute efficiently to the nutritional requirement and to the food security of Ivorian population.

Histological evaluation of nephroprotective effect of Solanum nigrum fruit extract against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in experimental rats

Background: Drug induced nephrotoxicity, one of the most common renal problem, is a challenge to deal with especially in patients with renal dysfunction. It is responsible for 20% cases of acute renal failure in the community. Modern medicines are costly and have minimal nephroprotection. Solanum nigrum fruit extract, a cheaper drug, have antioxidant property and may help in nephroprotection.Methods: Total 54 rats were randomised in 3 groups named G10, G20 and G30 according to 10, 20 and 30 days of treatment. In each groups, rats were randomly assigned to any of the three subgroups i.e., control C group [received normal saline (2 ml/100 gm/day) orally consecutively for test duration], gentamicin treated (GT) group [received normal saline (2 ml/100 gm/day) orally consecutively for test duration and intraperitoneal gentamicin (40 mg/kg) once daily for last five days] and S. nigrum treated (SNT) group [received S. nigrum orally (200 mg/kg/day) for the test duration and intraperitoneal gentamicin (40 mg/kg) once daily for last five days]. Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last dose of gentamicin injection (on 11th, 21st and 31st day). Excised kidneys were weighted and prepared for histological examination.Results: The mean weight of kidneys in GT group was significantly higher than the SNT group in all test durations suggestive of decrease in inflammation in SNT group. This was also reflected histologically as SNT group kidney showed less amount of tubular destruction as compared to GT group.Conclusions: S. nigrum extract provide nephroprotection against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity.

Plant Regeneration via Somatic Embryogenesis in Solanum nigrum L. (Black nightshade) (Solanaceae)

Aim: To study the effect of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) for induction of somatic embryogenesis and plantlet formation from cotyledon and leaflet explants in S. nigrum (night shade) an important medicinal plant used in treatment of digestive problems and skin infections. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biotechnology, Kakatiya university, Warangal. Telangana, India, 3 years. Methodology: Cotyledon (0.8 cm2) and leaflet explants (0.8-1.0 cm2) from 3 week and 4 week old were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 30 g/L sucrose along with different concentrations of 0.5 mg/L BAP+NAA (0.5 – 6.0 mg/L) . Results: Maximum percentage of somatic embryogenesis was observed in cotyledon(89%) and leaf (98%) explants on MS medium augmented with 0.5mg/L BAP in combination with 2.0 mg/L NAA whereas the highest number of somatic embryos per explant (86 ± 0.19) was formed in leaflet explant. Conclusion: Somatic embryogenesis was induced from both cotyledon and leaf explants. Since it is threatened and medicinally important species S. nigrum, the present protocol can be used for its conservation and genetic transformation experiments.

Identification of possible molecular markers and functional gene modules associated with lung adenocarcinoma based on weighted co-expression network analysis method / 中草药

Objective: The potential biological targets for anti-lung adenocarcinoma of Solanum nigrum were scored using the weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) method. Methods: A database of chemical components of S. nigrum was established through oral bioavailability (OB), drug-likeness (DL) based on Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) and literature retrieval. The targets of active ingredients of S. nigrum were predicted based on reverse docking with DRAR-CPI server, and combined with WGCNA to mine GSE10072 dataset in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to obtain coexpression gene module. Furthermore, the potential anti-lung adenocarcinoma targets of S. nigrum were confirmed under intersected with predicted targets and coexpression genes. The GO terms of biological processes and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of predicted targets and anti-lung adenocarcinoma targets were performed by Metascape database, respectively. Using the targets-pathways networks to study the mechanisms of S. nigrum in the fight against cancer. The transcriptional level expression of key String database combined with Cytoscape software to draw the proteins-proteins interactions (PPI), and active ingredients-targets-pathways networks to study the mechanisms of S. nigrum in the fight against cancer. The transcriptional level expression of key genes in lung adenocarcinoma cancer tissues and normal lung tissues was assessed based on UALCAN dataset. And the correlation between key genes and prognosis of lung cancer patients was calculated by KM plotter analysis. Results: This study collected nine active components of S. nigrum, including medioresinol, sitosterol, diosgenin, solanocapsine, quercetin, α-chaconine, solasonin, solamargine, and solasodine. Totally 271 targets were predicted, and 41 potential anticancer targets were confirmed. The potential regulatory pathways included pathway in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, chemical carcinogenesis, central carbon metabolism in cancer and so on. From the PPI network, we found that hub genes EGFR, CASP8, HPGDS, FYN, and high expression of EGFR and CASP8 were related to the poor overall survival in patient with lung adenocarcinoma. Oncontrary, lower expression of HPGDS and FYN were also associated with poor overall survival. Conclusion: This study reflects the multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway features of S. nigrum, and provides a scientific basis for anticancer substance and elucidating the mechanisms of action of S. nigrum, as well as a reference for the study of mechanisms.

Detection and Control of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Using Solanum nigrum Extract as Antibacterial in Meat Products

Introduction: Foodborne pathogenic bacteria cause many diseases for the human after eating the spoiled food. For that reason, different meat products produced by different companies in Egypt were collected (during May-Sept 2017), and subjected to microbial analysis. Aims: The antibacterial activity of the solanum nigrum extract against the foodborne Pathogenic bacteria isolated from the collected meat samples such as; Salmonella sp, E.coli, E.coli H7, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus were evaluated and detection by Multiplex PCR. Methodology: Multiplex PCR using different primers specific for either structure or function genes for the most common food born bacteria was approached for detection of the existing bacterial strains in the collected samples. However, the selective media results were insured by the multiplex PCR. Antibacterial activity of S. nigrum leaves extract  against  Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Results: The antibacterial activity of S. nigrum leaves extract was tested against the isolated foodborn bacteria; Salmonella sp, E.coli, E.coli H7, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus areus, and streptococcus pyogenes) from the collected meat samples, the results showed that the diameter of the inhibition zones was ranged from 1.5 to 2.6 cm. The highest antibacterial activity was demonstrated against Bacillus cerueus and E.coli H7 but the lowest activity was observed with Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC for the plant extract was 12.5 mg/ml. The S. nigrum antibacterial activity may result in the high content of phenolic compounds and Flavonoids in its extract. Conclusion: PCR is more acqurate than the selective media method to Detection Foodborn Pathogenic Bacteria and S. nigrum extract could be used as control agent against the foodborne Pathogenic bacteria in processed meats Conclusion: PCR is more acqurate than the selective media method to Detection Foodborn Pathogenic Bacteria and S. nigrum extract could be used as control agent against the foodborne Pathogenic bacteria in processed meats.

Advances in mechanisms of traditional Uygur medicine on inflammatory bowel disease / 中草药

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common gastrointestinal disease in which the etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. Generally speaking, it is caused by environment, inheritance, and immune. The related factors include immune system, oxidative stress, microflora in gastrointestinal tract, NF-κB, NO, COX-2, LB4, and the correlation factors. There are many plants that are effective to inflammatory bowel disease in traditional Uygur medicine, such as Solanum nigrum, Quercus infectoria, and Punica granatum. For some of these plants, only one or two mechanisms of action have been found. Besides, some constituents of them are effective to anti-inflammatory bowel disease. This article reviewed the role of factors in IBD and the mechanism of anti-inflammatory bowel disease of traditional Uygur medicine.

Phylogenetic and mutation point analysis of DNA barcoding sequences in Solanum nigrum / 中草药

Objective: In this study, phylogenetic analysis was used to compare the ITSs and trnH-psbA sequences of 17 Solanum nigrum samples, providing the theoretic foundation to utilize their resources and evaluate their genuineness. Methods: PCR method was used to amplify the region of ITS and trnH-psbA, and the seqeucens of ITS1 + ITS2 and trnH-psbA were obtained after the amplified fragment sequences were blasted in NCBI database. The Neighbor joining (NJ) and maximum parsimony (MP) method were used to construct phylogenetic trees and Kimura two-parameter (K2-P) model was used to calculate the genetic distance of different samples. Clustal X and DNAman softwares were applied for multi-alignment of ITS1, ITS2, and trnH-psbA sequences from different samples. Results: The lengths of ITS1 and ITS2 sequences from 17 samples were 230 and 206 bp, respectively, and trnH-psbA sequences were 446 or 447 bp. ITS1, ITS2, and trnH-psbA had seven, two, and three mutation points, respectively. These 17 samples were clustered to three latitude-dependent groups based on both ITS1 + ITS2 and trnH-psbA sequences. Conclusion: Phylogenetic and mutation point analysis will provide the theoretic foundation to utilize the resources of Chinese S. nigrum, investigate their evolution, and evaluate their genuineness. The results of mutation point will also be used in the identification of related S. nigrum resources.

Research Progress in Extraction and Detection Methods of Alkaloids from Solanum Nigrum / 中国中医药信息杂志

Solanum Nigrum is a kind of dicotyledon solanaceae annual herb, and alkaloids are its main bioactive constituents, with good antitumor activity. The current extraction methods for alkaloids include solvent extraction, ultrasonic extraction, microwave extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and column chromatography etc, while the detection methods include acid dye colorimetry, thin layer scanning, high performance liquid chromatography, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography etc. This article reviewed the research progress in extraction and detection methods of alkaloid from Solanum Nigrum in recent years, so as to provide references for further research and development of alkaloid from Solanum Nigrum.

Induction of Solasonine on Apoptosis of Human Breast Cancer Bcap-37 Cells through Mitochondria-Mediated Pathway / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To study the in vitro antiproliferative effect and probable mechanism of solasonine on human breast cancer Bcap-37 cells, meanwhile, make comparison with solamargine. Methods: The cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. The cell damage and type of cell death were examined through Hoechst33342/PI and Annexin V/PI staining, respectively. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by JC-1 staining. The expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax, and cytochrome c was determined by immunoblot method, and the activation of caspase-3 was analyzed by immunocytochemistry method. Results: Solasonine showed the different extents of cytotoxicity on eight human tumor cell lines as well as four human normal cell lines, and the IC50 values of solasonine ranged from 12.73 to 37.15 μmol/L. Cell apoptosis and mitochondria depolarization were observed in Bcap-37 cells after treatment with solasonine for 24 h, respectively. In immunoblot and immunocytochemistry analysis, solasonine obviously induced the up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, caused the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol, and increased the expression of both pro- and cleaved caspase-3. Solamargine exhibited stronger antipoliferative activity than solasonine, but the similar mechanism in Bcap-37 cells in this study. Conclusion: Solasonine possesses the antiproliferative effect on tumor cells. Regulation of the levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax, and activation of mitochondria cytochrome c-dependent apoptosis pathway might be one of its main antitumor mechanisms against breast cancer cells. In view of the cytotoxic effect of solasonine and solamargine also shown on normal cells, the safety needs concern when the antitumor activity is studied.

Laboratory evaluation of molluscicidal & mosquito larvicidal activities of leaves of Solanum nigrum L.

Background & objectives: Indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides has created serious problem for the aquatic flora and fauna, and also resulted in appearance of pesticide resistance in vector population. This study was designed to evaluate the biocontrol efficacy of aqueous and solvent extracts of mature leaves of Solanum nigrum L., against fresh water snail Lymnaea acuminata f. rufescens (Gray) (an intermediate host of parasites causing fasciolopsiasis) and larvae of Culex vishnui group (Reuben) (vector of Japanese encephalitis). Methods: Aqueous and solvent extracts of fresh, mature, green/shed dried leaves of S. nigrum were tested against adult L. acuminata and larvae of Cx. vishnui group. The lethal concentration was determined and the appropriate lethal concentration at 24 h of benzene extract was also studied on non target organisms such as Daphnia sp, Diplonychus annulatum and Chironomus circumdatus. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out in search of active ingredient and the chemical nature of the active substance was also evaluated by infrared (IR) analysis. Results: In a 72 h bioassay experiment with the aqueous extract, the highest mortality was recorded in 0.5 and 3 per cent extract against larvae of Cx. vishnui group and L. acuminata, respectivela. In the benzene solvent extract, the maximum mortality was recorded at a concentration of 150 ppm against L. acuminata and at 50 ppm against larvae of Cx. vishnui group with LC50 values of 55.45 and 11.59 ppm, respectively at 72 h. The log probit analysis (95% confidence level) recorded lowest value at 72 h of exposure. Qualitative phytochemical analysis reported the presence of some biochemical compounds, such as saponin, flavonoids, steroid and tannin. Among these, the toxic compound was detected by IR analysis having Rf = 0.87 (showed 66.70% and 76.70% mortality of L. acuminata and larvae of Cx. vishnui group, respectively). IR analysis provided preliminary information about the aliphatic amide nature of the active ingredient. Interpretation & conclusions: The study results provide considerable scope in exploiting local indigenous plant resources for molluscicidal and mosquito larvicidal activities.

Evaluation of solanum nigrum leaf extract as a corrosion inhibitor and reductant for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles.

Eco-friendly green methodologies have attracted the attention in every field of research owing to environmental pollution and the alarming development of global warming. In search for eco-friendly materials for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles and corrosion inhibition, the leaf-extract of Solanum nigrum have identified, as it displays remarkable antioxidant property. The leaf-extract was investigated by weight-loss method and potentio-dynamic polarization technique in carbon steel to study the corrosion inhibition. Surface and protective film analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant property of the leaf-extract was exploited for synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs). Excellent results were obtained when the leaf-extract was used to reduce AuCl4. The formation of GNPs was rapid and within a few hours AuCl4 was reduced into fine GNPs as evidenced by the appearance of deep ruby red colloidal dispersion. The UV–visible spectral analysis revealed the reduction of AuCl4 and showed a peak at ~545 nm originating from the surface plasmon resonance of GNPs. The GNPs were characterized using SEM with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and zeta potential analysis. The average size, geometrical shape and the zeta potential were discussed.

Mosquito larvicidal activity of Solanum nigrum berry extracts.

Phytochemicals are widely used as biocontrol agent against vector mosquitoes. The present study was undertaken to isolate and evaluate the mosquitocidal activity of various extracts of berries of S. nigrum against Culex quinquefasciatus. Crude and chloroform: methanol (1:1, v/v) extracts of fresh, mature, green berries of S. nigrum were tested against Cx. quinquefasciatus. The lethal concentration was determined and the chemical nature of the active substance was evaluated. A qualitative phytochemical analysis of chloroform: methanol (1:1, v/v) extract was performed in search of the active ingredient. The appropriate lethal concentrations at 24 h for chloroform: methanol (1:1, v/v) extract was also studied on non-target organisms. In a 72 h bioassay experiment with crude extract, the highest mortality was recorded in 3 per cent extract. In the chloroform: methanol (1:1, v/v) solvent extract, the maximum mortality was recorded at a concentration of 120 μg/ml. The log probit analysis (95% confidence level) recorded lowest LC50 value at 72 h of exposure. Both crude and chloroform: methanol (1:1, v/v) extracts showed good larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus. The isolated active ingredient may be tested as a potential larvicide after determination of its structure.

Composición fitoquímica de los tallos y hojas de la especie Solanum nigrum L. que crece en Cuba / Phytochemical composition of stems and leaves from Solanum nigrum L. grown in Cuba

Introducción: Solanum nigrum L. se emplea como antiséptico, expectorante, cardiotónico, digestivo diaforético y sedativo. Las hojas son usadas como emplastos para el reumatismo, enfermedades de la piel, y para el tratamiento de la tuberculosis. Se considera un potente antiinflamatorio. Objetivos: determinar la composición fitoquímica de los extractos etéreo, alcohólico y acuoso de tallos y hojas de la especie Solanum nigrum L. Métodos: se recolectaron tallos y hojas de Solanum nigrum L., se lavaron, desinfectaron, secaron, pulverizaron y les fueron realizadas extracciones sucesivas con solventes de polaridad creciente. Los extractos se filtraron y se les practicó ensayos fitoquímicos de identificación de metabolitos secundarios. Resultados: los resultados de la determinación de la composición fitoquímica de los extractos etéreo, alcohólico y acuoso de las hojas y tallos, indican la existencia de varias familias de metabolitos secundarios como alcaloides, flavonoides, cumarinas, taninos y saponinas. Conclusiones: se destacan, por su significativa presencia, flavonoides, alcaloides, taninos y cumarinas, que resultan de interés biológico y farmacológico por sus posibles aplicaciones terapéuticas

Introduction: Solanum nigrum L. is used as antiseptic, expectorant, digestive,cardotonic diaphoretic and sedative agent. The leaves are used as poultice for rheumatism, skin diseases, and for the treatment of tuberculosis. It is considered a potent antiinflammatory. Objectives: to determine the phytochemical screening of ethereal, alcoholic and watery extracts from the Solanum nigrum L leaves and stems. Methods: steams and leaves were harvested, washed, disinfected, dried off, pulverized, and finally underwent consecutive extraction processes with growing polarity solvents. The extracts were filtered and subjected to phytochemical tests to identify the secondary metabolites. Results: the results of the phytochemical study performed to ethereal, alcoholic, and watery extracts of leaves and stems, showed the existence of several families of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins tannins, and saponins. Conclusions: alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins and tannins are significantly present; they arouse the pharmacological and biological interest because of their possible therapeutic applications

In vitro & in vivo estrogenic activity of glycoside fractions of Solanum nigrum fruit.

Background & objectives: The mature fruits of Solanum nigrum contains steroidal glycosides. These are often used as vegetable and there are evidences on tribal use of these fruits as an oral contraceptive. The present study was carried out to evaluate the estrogenic potential of S. nigrum fruits by in vitro and in vivo assays. Methods: Defatted methanol extract of dried S. nigrum fruits was column fractionated and the glycoside positive fractions pooled. Definite concentrations of the fraction were used for in vitro and in vivo assays. The effect on cell viability was analyzed in MCF-7 cell lines by MTT assay followed by in vitro evaluation of estrogenicity by hydroxy apatite (HAP) binding assay. The results were further evaluated in vivo by performing uterotrophic assay in ovariectomized mouse models. Results: At low concentration (40 μg/ml), SNGF induced a dose-dependent increase in MCF-7 cell proliferation, while higher extract concentrations (80-320 μg/ml) caused progressive cell growth inhibition. The competitive binding assay using 3H-E2 suggests that this effect is mediated by estrogen receptor. Mouse uterotrophic assay revealed a classical uterotrophic response in ovariectomized mice in response to S. nigrum glycoside fraction (SNGF). SNGF at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body wt induced the maximum height of luminal epithelial cells which indicated an increase of 30.8 per cent over control (P<0.01) with a correlated increase in uterine wet wt (150% increase over control). Higher doses (250 and 500 mg/kg body wt) of SNGF did not induce any uterotrophic effect. Interpretation & conclusions: Our preliminary data demonstrate the hormone like activity of Solanum glycosides both in vitro and in vivo in mouse, which needs to be further explored to evaluate the possible mechanism and clinical implications.

Material basis of cytotoxicity in polysaccharide from Solanum nigrum / 中草药

Objective: To study the material basis of cytotoxicity in polysaccharide from Solanum nigrum. Methods: Crude products of polysaccharide were isolated from S. nigrum fruit with free protein being removed by Sevage method. The crude products were decolored by 10% H2O2 and precipitated by 95% ethanol treatment. Polysaccharide-protein complex was isolated by DEAE-52 fiber column and the relative molecular weight was detected by SDS-PAGE. MTT assay was used in detecting the cytotoxicity of polysaccharide-protein complex for MCF-7 cells in vitro. Then polysaccharide-protein complex was separated by SephadexG-200 gel column and the cytotoxicity was detected by MTT method. Results: Polysaccharide-protein complex was isolated by DEAE-52 fiber column and the relative molecular wight was detected by SDS-PAGE as 3.0×10 4 and 2.5×104 for the two polysaccharide-protein complexes, It suggested that IC50 was 804.51 μg/mL by MTT. Glycoproteins A andd B were gained by Sephadex G-200 gel column from polysaccharide-protein complex. The IC50 of glycoproteins A and B were 532.96 and 613.91 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Material basis of cytotoxicity in polysaccharide from S. nigrum is two kinds of glycoproteins whose relative molecular weight are 3.0×104 and 2.5×104.

Laboratory studies on mosquito larvicidal efficacy of aqueous & hexane extracts of dried fruit of Solanum nigrum Linn.

Background & objectives: Aqueous and organic solvent extracts of plants/plant parts were effective in killing the mosquito larvae. Comparative efficacy of the aqueous and hexane extracts of dried fruit of Solanum nigrum was tested against five laboratory colonized strains of mosquito species, namely Anopheles culicifacies species A, An. culicifacies species C, An. stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti to assess the possibility for use of these extracts for their control. Methods: Concentrations of aqueous extract of dried fruit in the range of 62.5 to 2000 ppm and hexane extract of dried fruit in the range of 0.781 to 150 ppm were used in bioassays. The mortality data were subjected to log probit regression analysis to detertmine the median lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) to kill 50 and 90 per cent of the treated larvae of the respective species. Results: All the five species registered 100 per cent mortality in larval bioassays at 1000 ppm with aqueous extract and at 100 ppm with hexane extract of dried fruit. In bioassays with aqueous extract An. culicifacies species A registered the lowest LC50 of 208.5 ppm (range-208.5-359 ppm for different mosquito species) while with hexane extract, An. stephensi registered the lowest LC50 of 6.25 ppm (6.25- 17.63 ppm for different mosquito species). The LC50 of aqueous extract was 13-39 fold higher than the values of hexane extract of dried fruit for different species. The calculated LC90 for hexane extract of dried fruit for different species was in the range of 43.38-95.28 ppm. Interpretation & conclusion: Hexane extract showed good mosquito larvicidal efficacy than that of the aqueous extract. The calculated LC 90 for the extract for different species was below 100 ppm and could be effective for comprehensive control of disease vectors.

An in vitro study of cytotoxic and antineoplastic effect of Solanum nigrum L extract on U266 / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To study cytotoxicity and antineoplastic effect in vitro Solanum nigrum L extract on U266. Methods: U266 cells were cultured together with the extract of Solanum nigrum L. Cytotoxicity assay was tested by CCK-8. Cell cycle and apoptosis were determined using flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. Results: Extract of Solanum nigrum L showed strong cytotoxicity against U266 cells. The IC_ 50 was about 117 mg/L. After exposure of U266 cells to the drug for 48 hours, the cell cycle distribution was changed compared with the controls. There was decrease of cells in the G_0/G_1 phase with increase of cells in the S phase and G_2/M phase. Apoptosis of U266 cells could be shown with staining of Annexin V FITC/PI or TFAR19 testing through FCM. The proportion of apoptotic cells increased in parallel with the increase of the drug dosage. Conclusion: Solanum nigrum L extract showed strong cytotoxicity effect on U266 cells. The antineoplastic effect of the drug can partly be ascribed to its apoptotic inducing effect.